Sam Adekugbe originally joined Vancouver Whitecaps FC in September 2011 as a member of the club’s Residency program. The defender from Calgary, Alberta was then signed to Vancouver’s MLS roster as a Homegrown player on August 28, 2013, before starting in his MLS debut in the season finale on October 27. He made his senior international debut for Canada on September 2015. As part of his development, Adekugbe has spent training stints with English Premier League club Liverpool FC and with Scottish Championship side Rangers FC in 2014. He also trained with Brighton & Hove Albion FC in 2015, and joined the English Football League Championship club on loan on July 2016 through June 2017. In July 2017, Adekugbe was loaned out to Swedish Allsvenskan club IFK Göteborg through the end of 2017. On January 8, 2018, Whitecaps FC transferred Adekugbe to Norwegian Eliteserien club Vålerenga Fotball.
In August 2023, Adekugbe re-joined Whitecaps FC via transfer from Turkish Süper Lig side Hatayspor after spending six years playing in Europe. Adekugbe agreed to a contract through 2026, with a club option for 2027.